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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Syukuro Manabe</span></h1>
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<p><b>Syukuro Manabe</b> (<a href="Japanische_Schrift" title="Japanische Schrift">jap.</a> <span lang="ja-Jpan" class="Jpan">真鍋 淑郎</span>, <i>Manabe Shukurō</i>; * <a href="21._September" title="21. September">21. September</a> <a href="1931" title="1931">1931</a> in der <a href="Pr%C3%A4fektur_Ehime" title="Präfektur Ehime">Präfektur Ehime</a>) ist ein <a href="Japan" title="Japan">japanisch</a>-stämmiger US-amerikanischer <a href="Meteorologe" class="mw-redirect" title="Meteorologe">Meteorologe</a> und <a href="Klimatologie" title="Klimatologie">Klimatologe</a>. Er leistete Pionierarbeit bei der Verwendung von <a href="Computer" title="Computer">Computern</a> für die Simulation von <a href="Klimawandel" title="Klimawandel">Klimaveränderungen</a>, sowohl im Hinblick auf natürlichen Klimawandel, wie auch in Bezug auf die anthropogene <a href="Globale_Erw%C3%A4rmung" title="Globale Erwärmung">globale Erwärmung</a>. Im Jahr 2021 wurde Manabe der <a href="Nobelpreis_f%C3%BCr_Physik" title="Nobelpreis für Physik">Nobelpreis für Physik</a> gemeinsam mit <a href="Klaus_Hasselmann" title="Klaus Hasselmann">Klaus Hasselmann</a> und <a href="Giorgio_Parisi" title="Giorgio Parisi">Giorgio Parisi</a> zuerkannt.
</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beruflicher_Werdegang">Beruflicher Werdegang</h2></div>
<p>Der im Jahr 1931 geborene Manabe promovierte an der <a href="Universit%C3%A4t_Tokio" title="Universität Tokio">Universität Tokio</a> im Jahre 1958. Er kam in die <a href="Vereinigte_Staaten" title="Vereinigte Staaten">Vereinigten Staaten</a>, wo er bis zum Jahr 1997 in der Abteilung <i>General Circulation Research</i> des <i>U.S. Weather Bureau</i> arbeitete. Es ist dies heute das <i>Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory</i> der NOAA. Von 1997 bis 2001 arbeitete er am <i>Frontier Research System for Global Change</i> in Japan; er war Direktor einer Forschungsabteilung, die für die Untersuchung der globalen Erwärmung zuständig war. Im Jahr 2002 kehrte er in die Vereinigten Staaten zurück, um als Gastwissenschaftler am Forschungsprogramm der Atmosphären- und Ozeanwissenschaften der <a href="Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a> mitzuwirken.
</p><p>Er hat seit 1975 die US-Staatsbürgerschaft.<sup id="cite_ref-Thomson_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomson-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wissenschaftliche_Erfolge">Wissenschaftliche Erfolge</h2></div>
<p>Manabe arbeitete mit dem Direktor des Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory der <a href="National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">NOAA</a>, <a href="Joseph_Smagorinsky" title="Joseph Smagorinsky">Joseph Smagorinsky</a>, zusammen. Er entwickelte zunächst in <a href="Washington%2C_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> und später in <a href="Princeton_(New_Jersey)" title="Princeton (New Jersey)">Princeton (New Jersey)</a> dreidimensionale <a href="Modell" title="Modell">Modelle</a> der <a href="Erdatmosph%C3%A4re" title="Erdatmosphäre">Erdatmosphäre</a>. Im Jahr 1967 zeigten er und <a href="Richard_Wetherald" title="Richard Wetherald">Richard Wetherald</a>, dass ein steigender Kohlenstoffdioxid-Gehalt der Erdatmosphäre dazu führt, dass die Höhe, in der die Erde Wärme ins All abstrahlt, steigt.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Im Jahr 1969 publizierten Manabe und Kirk Bryan die Ergebnisse der weltweit ersten Klimasimulation mit einem gekoppelten Ozean-Atmosphären-Modell bei dem auch der Einfluss des ozeanischen Wärmetransports auf das Globalklima berücksichtigt wurde.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diese Arbeit wird bei der NOAA als einer der <i>top ten breakthroughs in the history</i> geführt.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In den 1970er und 1980er Jahren veröffentlichte die Gruppe um Manabe bahnbrechende Arbeiten; dabei verwendeten sie ihre <a href="Klimamodell" title="Klimamodell">Klimamodelle</a>, um die <a href="Klimasensitivit%C3%A4t" title="Klimasensitivität">Klimasensitivität</a>, also die Sensitivität des <a href="Klima" title="Klima">Klimas</a> auf veränderte <a href="Treibhausgas" title="Treibhausgas">Treibhausgas</a>-Konzentrationen zu untersuchen.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diese Arbeiten waren eine wesentliche Grundlage des vom <a href="Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change" title="Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</a> erstellten <a href="Erster_Sachstandsbericht_des_IPCC" title="Erster Sachstandsbericht des IPCC">Ersten Sachstandsberichts</a> zur globalen Erwärmung, an dem Manabe auch mitarbeitete. Zudem war er an der Erstellung des <a href="Dritter_Sachstandsbericht_des_IPCC" title="Dritter Sachstandsbericht des IPCC">Dritten Sachstandsberichts des IPCC</a> beteiligt.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Weitere bedeutende Beiträge leistete er unter anderem mit der Idee, dass das Erdklima mehr als einen <a href="Klimazustand" title="Klimazustand">stabilen Zustand</a> haben könne<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> und indem er zeigte, dass der Wechsel zwischen solchen Zuständen mit Hilfe eines relativ realistischen Modells durch schmelzende Eiskappen herbeigeführt werden könnte.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Auszeichnungen">Auszeichnungen</h2></div>
<ul><li>1977 <a href="Jule_G._Charney_Award" title="Jule G. Charney Award">Jule G. Charney Award</a></li>
<li>1992 <a href="Blue_Planet_Prize" title="Blue Planet Prize">Blue Planet Prize</a> der <i>Asahi Foundation</i><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>1992 <a href="Carl-Gustaf_Rossby_Research_Medal" title="Carl-Gustaf Rossby Research Medal">Carl-Gustaf Rossby Research Medal</a> der <a href="American_Meteorological_Society" title="American Meteorological Society">American Meteorological Society</a></li>
<li>1993 <a href="Roger_Revelle_Medal" title="Roger Revelle Medal">Roger Revelle Medal</a> der <a href="American_Geophysical_Union" title="American Geophysical Union">American Geophysical Union</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>1995 <a href="Asahi-Preis" title="Asahi-Preis">Asahi-Preis</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>1997 <a href="Volvo_Environment_Prize" title="Volvo Environment Prize">Volvo Environment Prize</a> der <i>Volvo Foundation</i><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>1998: <a href="Milutin_Milankovic_Medal" title="Milutin Milankovic Medal">Milutin Milankovic Medal</a> der <a href="European_Geophysical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="European Geophysical Society">European Geophysical Society</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>2010 <a href="William_Bowie_Medal" title="William Bowie Medal">William Bowie Medal</a> der <a href="American_Geophysical_Union" title="American Geophysical Union">American Geophysical Union</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>2015 <a href="Benjamin_Franklin_Medal_(Franklin_Institute)" title="Benjamin Franklin Medal (Franklin Institute)">Benjamin Franklin Medal</a> des <a href="Franklin_Institute" title="Franklin Institute">Franklin Institute</a></li>
<li>2016 <a href="BBVA_Foundation_Frontiers_of_Knowledge_Awards" title="BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Awards">BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Awards</a></li>
<li>2018 <a href="Crafoord-Preis" title="Crafoord-Preis">Crafoord-Preis</a></li>
<li>2021 <a href="Nobelpreis_f%C3%BCr_Physik" title="Nobelpreis für Physik">Nobelpreis für Physik</a> „für bahnbrechende Beiträge zum Verständnis komplexer physikalischer Systeme“, konkret „für das physikalische <a href="Klimamodell" title="Klimamodell">Modellieren des Klimas</a> der Erde, die quantitative Analyse von Variationen und die zuverlässige Vorhersage der <a href="Globale_Erw%C3%A4rmung" title="Globale Erwärmung">Erderwärmung</a>“<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>2021 <a href="Person_mit_besonderen_kulturellen_Verdiensten" title="Person mit besonderen kulturellen Verdiensten">Person mit besonderen kulturellen Verdiensten</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mitgliedschaften">Mitgliedschaften</h2></div>
<ul><li>1990 Mitglied der <a href="National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a></li>
<li>1994 auswärtiges Mitglied der <a href="Academia_Europaea" title="Academia Europaea">Academia Europaea</a><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>auswärtiges Mitglied der <a href="Royal_Society_of_Canada" title="Royal Society of Canada">Royal Society of Canada</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Trivia">Trivia</h2></div>
<ul><li>Die von Manabe initiiere Forschungsgruppe ist heute als <i>Climate Dynamics and Prediction Group</i> (GFDL) bekannt.</li>
<li>Manabe und Bryans Pionierarbeit bei der Entwicklung des ersten globalen Klimamodells wurde unter die Top Ten der wissenschaftlichen Durchbrüche der NOAA der letzten 200 Jahre gewählt.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>Anlässlich seines Ausscheidens aus dem Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory der NOAA wurde ihm zu Ehren im März 1998 in Princeton ein dreitägiges wissenschaftliches Meeting abgehalten. Es trug den Titel „Understanding Climate Change: A Symposium In Honor Of Syukuro Manabe“<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>Beim jährlichen Meeting der <a href="American_Meteorological_Society" title="American Meteorological Society">American Meteorological Society</a> des Jahres 2005 gab es eine Sonderveranstaltung mit dem Titel <i>Suki Manabe Symposium</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weblinks">Weblinks</h2></div>
<div class="sisterproject" style="margin:0.1em 0 0 0;"><div class="noresize noviewer" style="display:inline-block; line-height:10px; min-width:1.6em; text-align:center;" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons"></span></span></div><b><span class=""><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Syukuro_Manabe?uselang=de"><span lang="en">Commons</span>: Syukuro Manabe</a></span></b>&nbsp;– Sammlung von Bildern, Videos und Audiodateien</div>
<ul><li><span class="cite"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.princeton.edu/manabe/home"><i>Syukuro Manabes Homepage.</i></a> In: <i><a href="Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a>.</i><span class="Abrufdatum" style="display:none"> Abgerufen am 23.&nbsp;Januar 2023</span> (englisch, mit Link auf CV und Publikationsliste).</span><span style="display: none;" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3ASyukuro+Manabe&amp;rft.title=Syukuro+Manabes+Homepage&amp;rft.description=Syukuro+Manabes+Homepage&amp;rft.identifier=https%3A%2F%2Fscholar.princeton.edu%2Fmanabe%2Fhome&amp;rft.language=en">&nbsp;</span></li>
<li><span class="cite"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gfdl.noaa.gov/bibliography/results.php?author=1070"><i>Online Bibliographie.</i></a> In: <i>Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory.</i><span class="Abrufdatum" style="display:none"> Abgerufen am 23.&nbsp;Januar 2023</span></span><span style="display: none;" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3ASyukuro+Manabe&amp;rft.title=Online+Bibliographie&amp;rft.description=Online+Bibliographie&amp;rft.identifier=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gfdl.noaa.gov%2Fbibliography%2Fresults.php%3Fauthor%3D1070">&nbsp;</span></li>
<li><span class="cite">Kitta MacPherson: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160108151048/http://iodp.org/doc_download/1463-starledger21607"><i>He warned of warming long before it was cool.</i></a> (pdf) In: <i><a href="The_Star-Ledger" title="The Star-Ledger">The Star-Ledger</a>.</i> 4.&nbsp;Februar 2007, archiviert vom <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r250917974">
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</style><span class="dewiki-iconexternal"><a class="external text" href="https://redirecter.toolforge.org/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fiodp.org%2Fdoc_download%2F1463-starledger21607">Original</a></span> am <span style="white-space:nowrap;">8.&nbsp;Januar 2016</span><span style="display:none">;</span><span class="Abrufdatum" style="display:none"> abgerufen am 1.&nbsp;Januar 1970</span> (englisch).</span><span style="display: none;" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3ASyukuro+Manabe&amp;rft.title=He+warned+of+warming+long+before+it+was+cool&amp;rft.description=He+warned+of+warming+long+before+it+was+cool&amp;rft.identifier=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20160108151048%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fiodp.org%2Fdoc_download%2F1463-starledger21607&amp;rft.creator=Kitta+MacPherson&amp;rft.date=2007-02-04&amp;rft.source=http://iodp.org/doc_download/1463-starledger21607&amp;rft.language=en">&nbsp;</span></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-Thomson-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Thomson_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Eintrag in <i>American Men and Women of Science</i>, Thomson Gale 2004</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="cite"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.princeton.edu/manabe/cv-0"><i>Curriculum Vitae.</i></a> (doc) In: <i>princeton.edu.</i> 16.&nbsp;Februar 2018,<span class="Abrufdatum"> abgerufen am 23.&nbsp;Januar 2023</span>.</span><span style="display: none;" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3ASyukuro+Manabe&amp;rft.title=Curriculum+Vitae&amp;rft.description=Curriculum+Vitae&amp;rft.identifier=https%3A%2F%2Fscholar.princeton.edu%2Fmanabe%2Fcv-0&amp;rft.date=2018-02-16">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Syukuro Manabe, Richard T. Wetherald: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Thermal Equilibrium of the Atmosphere with a Given Distribution of Relative Humidity</cite>. In: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">J. Atmospheric Sciences</cite>. 24. Jahrgang, 1967, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>241–259</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469%281967%29024%3C0241%3ATEOTAW%3E2.0.CO%3B2">10.1175/1520-0469(1967)024&lt;0241:TEOTAW&gt;2.0.CO;2</a></span> (englisch, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/1520-0469%281967%29024%3C0241%3ATEOTAW%3E2.0.CO%3B2">ametsoc.org</a> [abgerufen am 25.&nbsp;Januar 2013]).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Syukuro+Manabe&amp;rft.atitle=Thermal+Equilibrium+of+the+Atmosphere+with+a+Given+Distribution+of+Relative+Humidity&amp;rft.au=Syukuro%26%2332%3BManabe%2C%26%2332%3BRichard+T.+Wetherald&amp;rft.btitle=J.+Atmospheric+Sciences&amp;rft.date=1967&amp;rft.doi=10.1175%2F1520-0469%281967%29024%3C0241%3ATEOTAW%3E2.0.CO%3B2&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pages=241-259&amp;rft.volume=24.+Jahrgang" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Syukuro Manabe, Kirk Bryan: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Climate Calculations with a Combined Ocean-Atmosphere Model</cite>. In: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Journal of Atmos. Sci</cite>. 26. Jahrgang, Mai 1969, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>786–789</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469%281969%29026%3C0786%3ACCWACO%3E2.0.CO%3B2">10.1175/1520-0469(1969)026&lt;0786:CCWACO&gt;2.0.CO;2</a></span> (englisch, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gfdl.noaa.gov/bibliography/related_files/sm6903.pdf">noaa.gov</a> [PDF; abgerufen am 25.&nbsp;Januar 2013]).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Syukuro+Manabe&amp;rft.atitle=Climate+Calculations+with+a+Combined+Ocean-Atmosphere+Model&amp;rft.au=Syukuro%26%2332%3BManabe%2C%26%2332%3BKirk+Bryan&amp;rft.btitle=Journal+of+Atmos.+Sci&amp;rft.date=1969-05&amp;rft.doi=10.1175%2F1520-0469%281969%29026%3C0786%3ACCWACO%3E2.0.CO%3B2&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pages=786-789&amp;rft.volume=26.+Jahrgang" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="cite">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration US Department of Commerce: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://celebrating200years.noaa.gov/breakthroughs/climate_model/welcome.html#testing"><i>Breakthrough article on the First Climate Model.</i></a><span class="Abrufdatum"> Abgerufen am 6.&nbsp;März 2023</span> (amerikanisches Englisch).</span><span style="display: none;" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3ASyukuro+Manabe&amp;rft.title=Breakthrough+article+on+the+First+Climate+Model&amp;rft.description=Breakthrough+article+on+the+First+Climate+Model&amp;rft.identifier=https%3A%2F%2Fcelebrating200years.noaa.gov%2Fbreakthroughs%2Fclimate_model%2Fwelcome.html%23testing&amp;rft.creator=National+Oceanic+and+Atmospheric+Administration+US+Department+of+Commerce&amp;rft.language=EN-US">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Syukuro Manabe, Ronald J. Stouffer: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Sensitivity of a global climate model to an increase of CO2 concentration in the atmosphere</cite>. In: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Journal of Geophysical Research</cite>. 85. Jahrgang, C10, Januar 1980, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>5529–5554</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029/JC085iC10p05529">10.1029/JC085iC10p05529</a></span> (englisch, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/JC085iC10p05529/abstract">wiley.com</a> [abgerufen am 26.&nbsp;Januar 2013]).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Syukuro+Manabe&amp;rft.atitle=Sensitivity+of+a+global+climate+model+to+an+increase+of+CO2+concentration+in+the+atmosphere&amp;rft.au=Syukuro%26%2332%3BManabe%2C%26%2332%3BRonald+J.+Stouffer&amp;rft.date=1980-01&amp;rft.doi=10.1029%2FJC085iC10p05529&amp;rft.genre=journal&amp;rft.issue=C10&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geophysical+Research&amp;rft.pages=5529-5554&amp;rft.volume=85.+Jahrgang" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipcc.ch/2021/10/05/news-comment-ipcc-chair-nobel-prize-physics/"><i>News comment attributable to the Chair of IPCC Hoesung Lee</i></a>. Pressemitteilung des IPCC. Abgerufen am 6. Oktober 2021.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Syukuro Manabe, Ronald J. Stouffer: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Two Stable Equilibria of a Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Model</cite>. In: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">J. Climate</cite>. 1. Jahrgang, 1988, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>841–866</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442%281988%29001%3C0841%3ATSEOAC%3E2.0.CO%3B2">10.1175/1520-0442(1988)001&lt;0841:TSEOAC&gt;2.0.CO;2</a></span> (englisch, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/pdf/10.1175/1520-0442%281988%29001%3C0841%3ATSEOAC%3E2.0.CO%3B2">ametsoc.org</a> [PDF; abgerufen am 26.&nbsp;Januar 2013]).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Syukuro+Manabe&amp;rft.atitle=Two+Stable+Equilibria+of+a+Coupled+Ocean-Atmosphere+Model&amp;rft.au=Syukuro%26%2332%3BManabe%2C%26%2332%3BRonald+J.+Stouffer&amp;rft.btitle=J.+Climate&amp;rft.date=1988&amp;rft.doi=10.1175%2F1520-0442%281988%29001%3C0841%3ATSEOAC%3E2.0.CO%3B2&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pages=841-866&amp;rft.volume=1.+Jahrgang" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Syukuro Manabe, Ronald J. Stouffer: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Simulation of abrupt climate change induced by freshwater input to the North Atlantic Ocean</cite>. In: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Nature</cite>. 378. Jahrgang, November 1995, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>165–167</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/378165a0">10.1038/378165a0</a></span> (englisch, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gfdl.noaa.gov/bibliography/related_files/sm9501.pdf">noaa.gov</a> [PDF; abgerufen am 26.&nbsp;Januar 2013]).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Syukuro+Manabe&amp;rft.atitle=Simulation+of+abrupt+climate+change+induced+by+freshwater+input+to+the+North+Atlantic+Ocean&amp;rft.au=Syukuro%26%2332%3BManabe%2C%26%2332%3BRonald+J.+Stouffer&amp;rft.btitle=Nature&amp;rft.date=1995-11&amp;rft.doi=10.1038%2F378165a0&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pages=165-167&amp;rft.volume=378.+Jahrgang" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="cite"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.af-info.or.jp/en/blueplanet/doc/list/1992essay-manabe.pdf"><i>The Winners of the Blue Planet Price.</i></a> (PDF; 6,9&nbsp;MB) The Asahi Glass Foundation,<span class="Abrufdatum"> abgerufen am 24.&nbsp;Januar 2013</span> (englisch).</span><span style="display: none;" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3ASyukuro+Manabe&amp;rft.title=The+Winners+of+the+Blue+Planet+Price&amp;rft.description=The+Winners+of+the+Blue+Planet+Price&amp;rft.identifier=&amp;rft.publisher=The+Asahi+Glass+Foundation&amp;rft.date=&amp;rft.language=en">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="cite"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sites.agu.org/honors/medals-awards/roger-revelle-award/?sub=recipients"><i>Roger Revelle Medal, Past Recipients.</i></a> American Geophysical Union,<span class="Abrufdatum"> abgerufen am 31.&nbsp;Januar 2013</span> (englisch).</span><span style="display: none;" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3ASyukuro+Manabe&amp;rft.title=Roger+Revelle+Medal%2C+Past+Recipients&amp;rft.description=Roger+Revelle+Medal%2C+Past+Recipients&amp;rft.identifier=&amp;rft.publisher=American+Geophysical+Union&amp;rft.date=&amp;rft.language=en">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="cite"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asahi.com/shimbun/award/asahi/english.html#winners1999"><i>The Asahi Prize, Asahi Prize recipients.</i></a> Asahi.com,<span class="Abrufdatum"> abgerufen am 26.&nbsp;Januar 2013</span> (englisch).</span><span style="display: none;" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3ASyukuro+Manabe&amp;rft.title=The+Asahi+Prize%2C+Asahi+Prize+recipients&amp;rft.description=The+Asahi+Prize%2C+Asahi+Prize+recipients&amp;rft.identifier=&amp;rft.publisher=Asahi.com&amp;rft.date=&amp;rft.language=en">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="cite"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.environment-prize.com/laureates/by-year/1997/syukuru-manabe,-veerabhadran-ramanathan/"><i>Volvo Environment Price, Laureates 1997: Syukuru Manabe, Veerabhadran Ramanathan.</i></a> The Volvo Environment Prize Foundation,<span class="Abrufdatum"> abgerufen am 24.&nbsp;Februar 2020</span> (englisch).</span><span style="display: none;" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3ASyukuro+Manabe&amp;rft.title=Volvo+Environment+Price%2C+Laureates+1997%3A+Syukuru+Manabe%2C+Veerabhadran+Ramanathan&amp;rft.description=Volvo+Environment+Price%2C+Laureates+1997%3A+Syukuru+Manabe%2C+Veerabhadran+Ramanathan&amp;rft.identifier=&amp;rft.publisher=The+Volvo+Environment+Prize+Foundation&amp;rft.date=&amp;rft.language=en">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="cite"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.egu.eu/egs/medalists/manabe98.htm"><i>EGS Milutin Milankovic´ Medallist - 1998.</i></a> European Geophysical Society,<span class="Abrufdatum"> abgerufen am 31.&nbsp;Januar 2013</span> (englisch).</span><span style="display: none;" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3ASyukuro+Manabe&amp;rft.title=EGS+Milutin+Milankovic%C2%B4+Medallist+-+1998&amp;rft.description=EGS+Milutin+Milankovic%C2%B4+Medallist+-+1998&amp;rft.identifier=&amp;rft.publisher=European+Geophysical+Society&amp;rft.date=&amp;rft.language=en">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="cite"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sites.agu.org/honors/winners/syukuro-manabe/"><i>2010 William Bowie Medal Winner Syukuro Manabe.</i></a> American Geophysical Union,<span class="Abrufdatum"> abgerufen am 26.&nbsp;Januar 2013</span> (englisch).</span><span style="display: none;" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3ASyukuro+Manabe&amp;rft.title=2010+William+Bowie+Medal+Winner+Syukuro+Manabe&amp;rft.description=2010+William+Bowie+Medal+Winner+Syukuro+Manabe&amp;rft.identifier=&amp;rft.publisher=American+Geophysical+Union&amp;rft.date=&amp;rft.language=en">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2021/press-release/">Press release: The Nobel Prize in Physics 2021</a> auf nobelprize.org, abgerufen am 5. Oktober 2021 (englisch).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ae-info.org/ae/Member/Manabe_Syukuro">Eintrag</a> auf der Internetseite der Academia Europaea</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="cite"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://celebrating200years.noaa.gov/breakthroughs/climate_model/welcome.html"><i>NOAA celebrates 200 years of science, service and stewardship.</i></a> NOAA,<span class="Abrufdatum"> abgerufen am 24.&nbsp;Januar 2013</span> (englisch).</span><span style="display: none;" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3ASyukuro+Manabe&amp;rft.title=NOAA+celebrates+200+years+of+science%2C+service+and+stewardship&amp;rft.description=NOAA+celebrates+200+years+of+science%2C+service+and+stewardship&amp;rft.identifier=&amp;rft.publisher=NOAA&amp;rft.date=&amp;rft.language=en">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="cite"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://crawls.archive.org/katrina/20051022135522/http://www.gfdl.noaa.gov/aboutus/symposium/manabe/emailSUKIreg.html"><i>UNDERSTANDING CLIMATE CHANGE: A SYMPOSIUM IN HONOR OF SYUKURO MANABE.</i></a> Geophysical Fluid dynamics Laboratory,<span class="Abrufdatum"> abgerufen am 24.&nbsp;Januar 2013</span> (englisch).</span><span style="display: none;" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3ASyukuro+Manabe&amp;rft.title=UNDERSTANDING+CLIMATE+CHANGE%3A+A+SYMPOSIUM+IN+HONOR+OF+SYUKURO+MANABE&amp;rft.description=UNDERSTANDING+CLIMATE+CHANGE%3A+A+SYMPOSIUM+IN+HONOR+OF+SYUKURO+MANABE&amp;rft.identifier=&amp;rft.publisher=Geophysical+Fluid+dynamics+Laboratory&amp;rft.date=&amp;rft.language=en">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="cite"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ams.confex.com/ams/Annual2005/techprogram/programexpanded_259.htm"><i>The Suki Manabe Symposium.</i></a> American Meteorological Society,<span class="Abrufdatum"> abgerufen am 24.&nbsp;Januar 2013</span> (englisch).</span><span style="display: none;" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3ASyukuro+Manabe&amp;rft.title=The+Suki+Manabe+Symposium&amp;rft.description=The+Suki+Manabe+Symposium&amp;rft.identifier=&amp;rft.publisher=American+Meteorological+Society&amp;rft.date=&amp;rft.language=en">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
</ol>
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<div class="klappleiste-kopf"><a href="Liste_der_Nobelpreistr%C3%A4ger_f%C3%BCr_Physik" title="Liste der Nobelpreisträger für Physik">Träger des Nobelpreises für Physik</a></div>
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<p>1901:&nbsp;<a href="Wilhelm_Conrad_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen">Röntgen</a>&nbsp;|
1902:&nbsp;<a href="Hendrik_Antoon_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Antoon Lorentz">Lorentz</a>, <a href="Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman">Zeeman</a>&nbsp;|
1903:&nbsp;<a href="Henri_Becquerel" title="Henri Becquerel">Becquerel</a>, <a href="Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">M.&nbsp;Curie</a>, <a href="Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">P.&nbsp;Curie</a>&nbsp;|
1904:&nbsp;<a href="John_Strutt%2C_3._Baron_Rayleigh" title="John Strutt, 3. Baron Rayleigh">Rayleigh</a>&nbsp;|
1905:&nbsp;<a href="Philipp_Lenard" title="Philipp Lenard">Lenard</a>&nbsp;|
1906:&nbsp;<a href="Joseph_John_Thomson" title="Joseph John Thomson">J.&nbsp;J.&nbsp;Thomson</a>&nbsp;|
1907:&nbsp;<a href="Albert_Abraham_Michelson" title="Albert Abraham Michelson">Michelson</a>&nbsp;|
1908:&nbsp;<a href="Gabriel_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Lippmann">Lippmann</a>&nbsp;|
1909:&nbsp;<a href="Ferdinand_Braun" title="Ferdinand Braun">Braun</a>, <a href="Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Marconi</a>&nbsp;|
1910:&nbsp;<a href="Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals">van&nbsp;der&nbsp;Waals</a>&nbsp;|
1911:&nbsp;<a href="Wilhelm_Wien" title="Wilhelm Wien">Wien</a>&nbsp;|
1912:&nbsp;<a href="Gustaf_Dal%C3%A9n" title="Gustaf Dalén">Dalén</a>&nbsp;|
1913:&nbsp;<a href="Heike_Kamerlingh_Onnes" title="Heike Kamerlingh Onnes">Kamerlingh&nbsp;Onnes</a>&nbsp;|
1914:&nbsp;<a href="Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue">Laue</a>&nbsp;|
1915:&nbsp;<a href="William_Henry_Bragg" title="William Henry Bragg">W.&nbsp;H.&nbsp;Bragg</a>, <a href="William_Lawrence_Bragg" title="William Lawrence Bragg">W.&nbsp;L.&nbsp;Bragg</a>&nbsp;|
1916:&nbsp;<i>nicht verliehen</i>&nbsp;|
1917:&nbsp;<a href="Charles_Glover_Barkla" title="Charles Glover Barkla">Barkla</a>&nbsp;|
1918:&nbsp;<a href="Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Planck</a>&nbsp;|
1919:&nbsp;<a href="Johannes_Stark" title="Johannes Stark">Stark</a>&nbsp;|
1920:&nbsp;<a href="Charles_%C3%89douard_Guillaume" title="Charles Édouard Guillaume">Guillaume</a>&nbsp;|
1921:&nbsp;<a href="Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Einstein</a>&nbsp;|
1922:&nbsp;<a href="Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">N. Bohr</a>&nbsp;|
1923:&nbsp;<a href="Robert_Andrews_Millikan" title="Robert Andrews Millikan">Millikan</a>&nbsp;|
1924:&nbsp;<a href="Manne_Siegbahn" title="Manne Siegbahn">M. Siegbahn</a>&nbsp;|
1925:&nbsp;<a href="James_Franck" title="James Franck">Franck</a>, <a href="Gustav_Hertz" title="Gustav Hertz">Hertz</a>&nbsp;|
1926:&nbsp;<a href="Jean_Perrin" title="Jean Perrin">Perrin</a>&nbsp;|
1927:&nbsp;<a href="Arthur_Holly_Compton" title="Arthur Holly Compton">Compton</a>, <a href="Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson">C.&nbsp;T.&nbsp;R.&nbsp;Wilson</a>&nbsp;|
1928:&nbsp;<a href="Owen_Willans_Richardson" title="Owen Willans Richardson">O. W. Richardson</a>&nbsp;|
1929:&nbsp;<a href="Louis_de_Broglie" title="Louis de Broglie">de&nbsp;Broglie</a>&nbsp;|
1930:&nbsp;<a href="C._V._Raman" title="C. V. Raman">Raman</a>&nbsp;|
1931:&nbsp;<i>nicht&nbsp;verliehen</i>&nbsp;|
1932:&nbsp;<a href="Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Heisenberg</a>&nbsp;|
1933:&nbsp;<a href="Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Erwin Schrödinger">Schrödinger</a>, <a href="Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac">Dirac</a>&nbsp;|
1934:&nbsp;<i>nicht verliehen</i>&nbsp;|
1935:&nbsp;<a href="James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">Chadwick</a>&nbsp;|
1936:&nbsp;<a href="Victor_Franz_Hess" title="Victor Franz Hess">Hess</a>, <a href="Carl_David_Anderson" title="Carl David Anderson">C.&nbsp;D.&nbsp;Anderson</a>&nbsp;|
1937:&nbsp;<a href="Clinton_Davisson" title="Clinton Davisson">Davisson</a>, <a href="George_Paget_Thomson" title="George Paget Thomson">G.&nbsp;P.&nbsp;Thomson</a>&nbsp;|
1938:&nbsp;<a href="Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Fermi</a>&nbsp;|
1939:&nbsp;<a href="Ernest_Lawrence" title="Ernest Lawrence">Lawrence</a>&nbsp;|
1940–1942:&nbsp;<i>nicht verliehen</i>&nbsp;|
1943:&nbsp;<a href="Otto_Stern_(Physiker)" title="Otto Stern (Physiker)">Stern</a>&nbsp;|
1944:&nbsp;<a href="Isidor_Isaac_Rabi" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi">Rabi</a>&nbsp;|
1945:&nbsp;<a href="Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli">Pauli</a>&nbsp;|
1946:&nbsp;<a href="Percy_Williams_Bridgman" title="Percy Williams Bridgman">Bridgman</a>&nbsp;|
1947:&nbsp;<a href="Edward_Victor_Appleton" title="Edward Victor Appleton">Appleton</a>&nbsp;|
1948:&nbsp;<a href="Patrick_Blackett%2C_Baron_Blackett" title="Patrick Blackett, Baron Blackett">Blackett</a>&nbsp;|
1949:&nbsp;<a href="Hideki_Yukawa" title="Hideki Yukawa">Yukawa</a>&nbsp;|
1950:&nbsp;<a href="Cecil_Powell" title="Cecil Powell">Powell</a>&nbsp;|
1951:&nbsp;<a href="John_Cockcroft" title="John Cockcroft">Cockcroft</a>, <a href="Ernest_Walton" title="Ernest Walton">Walton</a>&nbsp;|
1952:&nbsp;<a href="Felix_Bloch" title="Felix Bloch">Bloch</a>, <a href="Edward_Mills_Purcell" title="Edward Mills Purcell">Purcell</a>&nbsp;|
1953:&nbsp;<a href="Frits_Zernike" title="Frits Zernike">Zernike</a>&nbsp;|
1954:&nbsp;<a href="Max_Born" title="Max Born">Born</a>, <a href="Walther_Bothe" title="Walther Bothe">Bothe</a>&nbsp;|
1955:&nbsp;<a href="Willis_Eugene_Lamb" title="Willis Eugene Lamb">Lamb</a>, <a href="Polykarp_Kusch" title="Polykarp Kusch">Kusch</a>&nbsp;|
1956:&nbsp;<a href="William_Bradford_Shockley" title="William Bradford Shockley">Shockley</a>, <a href="John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">Bardeen</a>, <a href="Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Brattain</a>&nbsp;|
1957:&nbsp;<a href="Chen_Ning_Yang" title="Chen Ning Yang">Yang</a>, <a href="Tsung-Dao_Lee" title="Tsung-Dao Lee">T.-D.&nbsp;Lee</a>&nbsp;|
1958:&nbsp;<a href="Pawel_Alexejewitsch_Tscherenkow" title="Pawel Alexejewitsch Tscherenkow">Tscherenkow</a>, <a href="Ilja_Michailowitsch_Frank" title="Ilja Michailowitsch Frank">Frank</a>, <a href="Igor_Jewgenjewitsch_Tamm" title="Igor Jewgenjewitsch Tamm">Tamm</a>&nbsp;|
1959:&nbsp;<a href="Emilio_Segr%C3%A8" title="Emilio Segrè">Segrè</a>, <a href="Owen_Chamberlain" title="Owen Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a>&nbsp;|
1960:&nbsp;<a href="Donald_Arthur_Glaser" title="Donald Arthur Glaser">Glaser</a>&nbsp;|
1961:&nbsp;<a href="Robert_Hofstadter" title="Robert Hofstadter">Hofstadter</a>, <a href="Rudolf_M%C3%B6%C3%9Fbauer" title="Rudolf Mößbauer">Mößbauer</a>&nbsp;|
1962:&nbsp;<a href="Lew_Dawidowitsch_Landau" title="Lew Dawidowitsch Landau">Landau</a>&nbsp;|
1963:&nbsp;<a href="Eugene_Paul_Wigner" title="Eugene Paul Wigner">Wigner</a>, <a href="Maria_Goeppert-Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert-Mayer">Goeppert-Mayer</a>, <a href="Johannes_Hans_Daniel_Jensen" title="Johannes Hans Daniel Jensen">Jensen</a>&nbsp;|
1964:&nbsp;<a href="Charles_Hard_Townes" title="Charles Hard Townes">Townes</a>, <a href="Nikolai_Gennadijewitsch_Bassow" title="Nikolai Gennadijewitsch Bassow">Bassow</a>, <a href="Alexander_Michailowitsch_Prochorow" title="Alexander Michailowitsch Prochorow">Prochorow</a>&nbsp;|
1965:&nbsp;<a href="Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Feynman</a>, <a href="Julian_Seymour_Schwinger" title="Julian Seymour Schwinger">Schwinger</a>, <a href="Shin%E2%80%99ichir%C5%8D_Tomonaga" title="Shin’ichirō Tomonaga">Tomonaga</a>&nbsp;|
1966:&nbsp;<a href="Alfred_Kastler" title="Alfred Kastler">Kastler</a>&nbsp;|
1967:&nbsp;<a href="Hans_Bethe" title="Hans Bethe">Bethe</a>&nbsp;|
1968:&nbsp;<a href="Luis_Walter_Alvarez" title="Luis Walter Alvarez">Alvarez</a>&nbsp;|
1969:&nbsp;<a href="Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann">Gell-Mann</a>&nbsp;|
1970:&nbsp;<a href="Hannes_Alfv%C3%A9n" title="Hannes Alfvén">Alfvén</a>, <a href="Louis_N%C3%A9el" title="Louis Néel">Néel</a>&nbsp;|
1971:&nbsp;<a href="Dennis_G%C3%A1bor" title="Dennis Gábor">Gábor</a>&nbsp;|
1972:&nbsp;<a href="John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">Bardeen</a>, <a href="Leon_Neil_Cooper" title="Leon Neil Cooper">Cooper</a>, <a href="John_Robert_Schrieffer" title="John Robert Schrieffer">Schrieffer</a>&nbsp;|
1973:&nbsp;<a href="Leo_Esaki" title="Leo Esaki">Esaki</a>, <a href="Ivar_Giaever" title="Ivar Giaever">Giaever</a>, <a href="Brian_David_Josephson" title="Brian David Josephson">Josephson</a>&nbsp;|
1974:&nbsp;<a href="Martin_Ryle" title="Martin Ryle">Ryle</a>, <a href="Antony_Hewish" title="Antony Hewish">Hewish</a>&nbsp;|
1975:&nbsp;<a href="Aage_Niels_Bohr" title="Aage Niels Bohr">A. N. Bohr</a>, <a href="Ben_Mottelson" title="Ben Mottelson">Mottelson</a>, <a href="James_Rainwater" title="James Rainwater">Rainwater</a>&nbsp;|
1976:&nbsp;<a href="Burton_Richter" title="Burton Richter">Richter</a>, <a href="Samuel_Chao_Chung_Ting" title="Samuel Chao Chung Ting">Ting</a>&nbsp;|
1977:&nbsp;<a href="Philip_Warren_Anderson" title="Philip Warren Anderson">P. W. Anderson</a>, <a href="Nevill_Francis_Mott" title="Nevill Francis Mott">Mott</a>, <a href="John_Hasbrouck_Van_Vleck" title="John Hasbrouck Van Vleck">Van&nbsp;Vleck</a>&nbsp;|
1978:&nbsp;<a href="Pjotr_Leonidowitsch_Kapiza" title="Pjotr Leonidowitsch Kapiza">Kapiza</a>, <a href="Arno_Penzias" title="Arno Penzias">Penzias</a>, <a href="Robert_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Robert Woodrow Wilson">R.&nbsp;W.&nbsp;Wilson</a>&nbsp;|
1979:&nbsp;<a href="Sheldon_Lee_Glashow" title="Sheldon Lee Glashow">Glashow</a>, <a href="Abdus_Salam" title="Abdus Salam">Salam</a>, <a href="Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg">Weinberg</a>&nbsp;|
1980:&nbsp;<a href="James_Cronin" title="James Cronin">Cronin</a>, <a href="Val_Fitch" title="Val Fitch">Fitch</a>&nbsp;|
1981:&nbsp;<a href="Nicolaas_Bloembergen" title="Nicolaas Bloembergen">Bloembergen</a>, <a href="Arthur_Leonard_Schawlow" title="Arthur Leonard Schawlow">Schawlow</a>, <a href="Kai_Siegbahn" title="Kai Siegbahn">K.&nbsp;Siegbahn</a>&nbsp;|
1982:&nbsp;<a href="Kenneth_Wilson" title="Kenneth Wilson">K. Wilson</a>&nbsp;|
1983:&nbsp;<a href="Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar">Chandrasekhar</a>, <a href="William_Alfred_Fowler" title="William Alfred Fowler">Fowler</a>&nbsp;|
1984:&nbsp;<a href="Carlo_Rubbia" title="Carlo Rubbia">Rubbia</a>, <a href="Simon_van_der_Meer" title="Simon van der Meer">van&nbsp;der&nbsp;Meer</a>&nbsp;|
1985:&nbsp;<a href="Klaus_von_Klitzing" title="Klaus von Klitzing">von Klitzing</a>&nbsp;|
1986:&nbsp;<a href="Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska">Ruska</a>, <a href="Gerd_Binnig" title="Gerd Binnig">Binnig</a>, <a href="Heinrich_Rohrer" title="Heinrich Rohrer">Rohrer</a>&nbsp;|
1987:&nbsp;<a href="Georg_Bednorz" title="Georg Bednorz">Bednorz</a>, <a href="Karl_Alexander_M%C3%BCller" title="Karl Alexander Müller">Müller</a>&nbsp;|
1988:&nbsp;<a href="Leon_Max_Lederman" title="Leon Max Lederman">Lederman</a>, <a href="Melvin_Schwartz" title="Melvin Schwartz">Schwartz</a>, <a href="Jack_Steinberger" title="Jack Steinberger">Steinberger</a>&nbsp;|
1989:&nbsp;<a href="Wolfgang_Paul_(Physiker)" title="Wolfgang Paul (Physiker)">Paul</a>, <a href="Hans_Georg_Dehmelt" title="Hans Georg Dehmelt">Dehmelt</a>, <a href="Norman_Ramsey" title="Norman Ramsey">Ramsey</a>&nbsp;|
1990:&nbsp;<a href="Jerome_Isaac_Friedman" title="Jerome Isaac Friedman">Friedman</a>, <a href="Henry_Way_Kendall" title="Henry Way Kendall">Kendall</a>, <a href="Richard_Edward_Taylor" title="Richard Edward Taylor">R. E. Taylor</a>&nbsp;|
1991:&nbsp;<a href="Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes" title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes">de&nbsp;Gennes</a>&nbsp;|
1992:&nbsp;<a href="Georges_Charpak" title="Georges Charpak">Charpak</a>&nbsp;|
1993:&nbsp;<a href="Russell_Hulse" title="Russell Hulse">Hulse</a>, <a href="Joseph_Hooton_Taylor%2C_Jr." title="Joseph Hooton Taylor, Jr.">J.&nbsp;H.&nbsp;Taylor</a>&nbsp;|
1994:&nbsp;<a href="Bertram_Brockhouse" title="Bertram Brockhouse">Brockhouse</a>, <a href="Clifford_Shull" title="Clifford Shull">Shull</a>&nbsp;|
1995:&nbsp;<a href="Martin_Lewis_Perl" title="Martin Lewis Perl">Perl</a>, <a href="Frederick_Reines" title="Frederick Reines">Reines</a>&nbsp;|
1996:&nbsp;<a href="David_Morris_Lee" title="David Morris Lee">D. M. Lee</a>, <a href="Douglas_Dean_Osheroff" title="Douglas Dean Osheroff">Osheroff</a>, <a href="Robert_Coleman_Richardson" title="Robert Coleman Richardson">R.&nbsp;C.&nbsp;Richardson</a>&nbsp;|
1997:&nbsp;<a href="Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu">Chu</a>, <a href="Claude_Cohen-Tannoudji" title="Claude Cohen-Tannoudji">Cohen-Tannoudji</a>, <a href="William_Daniel_Phillips" title="William Daniel Phillips">Phillips</a>&nbsp;|
1998:&nbsp;<a href="Robert_Betts_Laughlin" title="Robert Betts Laughlin">Laughlin</a>, <a href="Horst_Ludwig_St%C3%B6rmer" title="Horst Ludwig Störmer">Störmer</a>, <a href="Daniel_Chee_Tsui" title="Daniel Chee Tsui">Tsui</a>&nbsp;|
1999:&nbsp;<a href="Gerard_%E2%80%99t_Hooft" title="Gerard ’t Hooft">’t&nbsp;Hooft</a>, <a href="Martinus_J._G._Veltman" title="Martinus J. G. Veltman">Veltman</a>&nbsp;|
2000:&nbsp;<a href="Schores_Iwanowitsch_Alfjorow" title="Schores Iwanowitsch Alfjorow">Alfjorow</a>, <a href="Herbert_Kroemer" title="Herbert Kroemer">Kroemer</a>, <a href="Jack_Kilby" title="Jack Kilby">Kilby</a>&nbsp;|
2001:&nbsp;<a href="Eric_Allin_Cornell" title="Eric Allin Cornell">Cornell</a>, <a href="Wolfgang_Ketterle" title="Wolfgang Ketterle">Ketterle</a>, <a href="Carl_Edwin_Wieman" title="Carl Edwin Wieman">Wieman</a>&nbsp;|
2002:&nbsp;<a href="Raymond_Davis_junior" title="Raymond Davis junior">Davis Jr.</a>, <a href="Masatoshi_Koshiba" title="Masatoshi Koshiba">Koshiba</a>, <a href="Riccardo_Giacconi" title="Riccardo Giacconi">Giacconi</a>&nbsp;|
2003:&nbsp;<a href="Alexei_Alexejewitsch_Abrikossow" title="Alexei Alexejewitsch Abrikossow">Abrikossow</a>, <a href="Witali_Lasarewitsch_Ginsburg" title="Witali Lasarewitsch Ginsburg">Ginsburg</a>, <a href="Anthony_James_Leggett" title="Anthony James Leggett">Leggett</a>&nbsp;|
2004:&nbsp;<a href="David_Gross" title="David Gross">Gross</a>, <a href="David_Politzer" title="David Politzer">Politzer</a>, <a href="Frank_Wilczek" title="Frank Wilczek">Wilczek</a>&nbsp;|
2005:&nbsp;<a href="Roy_Jay_Glauber" title="Roy Jay Glauber">Glauber</a>, <a href="John_Lewis_Hall" title="John Lewis Hall">Hall</a>, <a href="Theodor_H%C3%A4nsch" title="Theodor Hänsch">Hänsch</a>&nbsp;|
2006:&nbsp;<a href="John_Cromwell_Mather" title="John Cromwell Mather">Mather</a>, <a href="George_Smoot" title="George Smoot">Smoot</a>&nbsp;|
2007:&nbsp;<a href="Albert_Fert" title="Albert Fert">Fert</a>, <a href="Peter_Gr%C3%BCnberg" title="Peter Grünberg">Grünberg</a>&nbsp;|
2008:&nbsp;<a href="Y%C5%8Dichir%C5%8D_Nambu" title="Yōichirō Nambu">Nambu</a>, <a href="Makoto_Kobayashi_(Physiker)" title="Makoto Kobayashi (Physiker)">Kobayashi</a>, <a href="Toshihide_Masukawa" title="Toshihide Masukawa">Maskawa</a>&nbsp;|
2009:&nbsp;<a href="Charles_Kuen_Kao" title="Charles Kuen Kao">Kao</a>, <a href="Willard_Boyle" title="Willard Boyle">Boyle</a>, <a href="George_E._Smith" title="George E. Smith">Smith</a>&nbsp;|
2010:&nbsp;<a href="Andre_Geim" title="Andre Geim">Geim</a>, <a href="Konstantin_Novoselov" title="Konstantin Novoselov">Novoselov</a>&nbsp;|
2011:&nbsp;<a href="Saul_Perlmutter" title="Saul Perlmutter">Perlmutter</a>, <a href="Brian_P._Schmidt" title="Brian P. Schmidt">Schmidt</a>, <a href="Adam_Riess" title="Adam Riess">Riess</a>&nbsp;|
2012:&nbsp;<a href="Serge_Haroche" title="Serge Haroche">Haroche</a>, <a href="David_Wineland" title="David Wineland">Wineland</a>&nbsp;|
2013:&nbsp;<a href="Fran%C3%A7ois_Englert" title="François Englert">Englert</a>, <a href="Peter_Higgs" title="Peter Higgs">Higgs</a>&nbsp;|
2014:&nbsp;<a href="Isamu_Akasaki" title="Isamu Akasaki">Akasaki</a>, <a href="Hiroshi_Amano" title="Hiroshi Amano">Amano</a>, <a href="Shuji_Nakamura" title="Shuji Nakamura">Nakamura</a>&nbsp;|
2015:&nbsp;<a href="Takaaki_Kajita" title="Takaaki Kajita">Kajita</a>, <a href="Arthur_McDonald" title="Arthur McDonald">McDonald</a>&nbsp;|
2016:&nbsp;<a href="David_J._Thouless" title="David J. Thouless">Thouless</a>, <a href="F._Duncan_M._Haldane" title="F. Duncan M. Haldane">Haldane</a>, <a href="J._Michael_Kosterlitz" title="J. Michael Kosterlitz">Kosterlitz</a>&nbsp;|
2017:&nbsp;<a href="Barry_Barish" title="Barry Barish">Barish</a>, <a href="Kip_Thorne" title="Kip Thorne">Thorne</a>, <a href="Rainer_Weiss" title="Rainer Weiss">Weiss</a>&nbsp;|
2018:&nbsp;<a href="Arthur_Ashkin" title="Arthur Ashkin">Ashkin</a>, <a href="G%C3%A9rard_Mourou" title="Gérard Mourou">Mourou</a>, <a href="Donna_Strickland" title="Donna Strickland">Strickland</a>&nbsp;|
2019:&nbsp;<a href="James_Peebles" title="James Peebles">Peebles</a>, <a href="Michel_Mayor" title="Michel Mayor">Mayor</a>, <a href="Didier_Queloz" title="Didier Queloz">Queloz</a>&nbsp;|
2020:&nbsp;<a href="Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose">Penrose</a>, <a href="Reinhard_Genzel" title="Reinhard Genzel">Genzel</a>, <a href="Andrea_Ghez" title="Andrea Ghez">Ghez</a>&nbsp;|
2021:&nbsp;<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Manabe</a>, <a href="Klaus_Hasselmann" title="Klaus Hasselmann">Hasselmann</a>, <a href="Giorgio_Parisi" title="Giorgio Parisi">Parisi</a>&nbsp;|
2022:&nbsp;<a href="Alain_Aspect" title="Alain Aspect">Aspect</a>, <a href="John_Clauser" title="John Clauser">Clauser</a>, <a href="Anton_Zeilinger" title="Anton Zeilinger">Zeilinger</a>&nbsp;|
2023:&nbsp;<a href="Pierre_Agostini" title="Pierre Agostini">Agostini</a>, <a href="Ferenc_Krausz" title="Ferenc Krausz">Krausz</a>, <a href="Anne_L%E2%80%99Huillier" title="Anne L’Huillier">L’Huillier</a>&nbsp;|
2024:&nbsp;<a href="John_Hopfield" title="John Hopfield">Hopfield</a>, <a href="Geoffrey_Hinton" title="Geoffrey Hinton">Hinton</a>&nbsp;|
2025:&nbsp;<a href="John_Clarke_(Physiker)" title="John Clarke (Physiker)">Clarke</a>, <a href="Michel_Devoret" title="Michel Devoret">Devoret</a>, <a href="John_M._Martinis" title="John M. Martinis">Martinis</a>
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